The death of John Proctor Essay Example

The death of John Proctor Paper Mary is brought before the judges and so are the other girls. The judge puts in Marys mind that satan has got hold of her or all the girls are positively lying. Abigail is also questioned by the judge and lies, the judge cannot understand why Abigail would want Proctors wife dead. Mary is put through tests by the judges even being asked to faint on command which she finds impossible to do, she is goaded by Parriss who knows his reputation is totally at stake. Abigail knowing that she could be found out as being a deceitful liar storms up to the judge and questions him as to whether he believes them. Abigail then starts to shake and pretend that Mary is afflicting her. John Proctor by this time has seen enough and admits to making love to Abigail and calls her a whore. The judge asks Abigail if Proctor is telling the truth but Abigail denies without saying anything. Good Wife Proctor is called for by the judge to touch the bottom of this swamp but Goody Proctor has to admit that she threw Abigail out for harlotry. Both John and Abigail had to turn their backs away from Goody Proctor and we have to remember that John had told the court that his wife never lies. We will write a custom essay sample on The death of John Proctor specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The death of John Proctor specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The death of John Proctor specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The judge asks Goody Proctor about the dismissal of Abigail Williams and she tells the judge she dissatisfied me and my husband. Goody being a good Christian didnt wish to tell the court that her husband had been adulterous and when asked by the judge if her husband was an adulterer she replied no. This was the first lie Goody Proctor had told in the whole of her life. Goody Proctor then learns the terrible truth that John has told the court about his liaison with Abigail and she looks on in dismay not believing that she has done this to her husband. Hale actually believes Proctor is telling the truth, I feel that Hale realizes at this point that Goody Proctor was lying for the first time because when Hale went to Proctors house and asked John Proctor to repeat his Commandments he missed out adultery and now realizes that he must have blocked the adultery with Abigail out of his mind. Now Abigail knows that she has got away with her lies and deceit and at t this point Abigail starts screaming to divert the courts attention saying Mary has the Devil in her The girls repeat everything Mary is saying, pretending she is making them do this. At this point Mary sees that if she doesnt save herself nobody else can and she turns and says the Devil came to her and told her to give her name to stop his wife from hanging. Mary has now condemned John Proctor. Hale tries to intervene but is cut down by the judge. John Proctor says the judge is pulling heaven down and raising up a whore he then screams God is Dead. Abigail seeing that Hale could be a problem for her goes to the judge telling him that Hales wife is a witch but the judge tells her you are mistaken child, understand me this is a warning shot to Abigail that she is going too far. John Proctor is sent to jail and his visitor is Abigail Williams who wants to have him set free and go away with her on a ship. She realizes that all her plans have been thwarted and she never dreamed John would end up in jail. Abigail says that the jailer on her word will set him free and they can board a ship for Barbados together. John Proctor replies to her offer with the words it is not on a ship we will meet again Abi but in hell. The perpetrator of all the things that happen in Salem leaves, Abigail Williams with stolen money disappears. Reverend Parriss now sees that something must be done to save the lives of John, Rebecca Nurse and Martha Corey. The judge says that if Proctor confesses to being a witch then there will be an end to the deaths. Hale goes to Goody Proctor to inform her that her husband is marked to die and that John must just tell a lie to stop the hanging and begs Goody to get John to lie. Goody knows her husband will not lie to save his soul and promises nothing but asks to speak with her husband alone. They talk of their baby not yet born and their boys. John knows he is about to die but says he is thinking to confess just to be done with the problem. Goody says she will accept whatever he does. John says it is hard to give a lie to dogs and that it is only spite that makes him stay silent. Goody replies whatever you will do its a good man does it she says she has her own sins to deal with. Goody admits to keeping a cold house and asks for his forgiveness. John shouts to the courts I want my life The next problem begins when the judges want a signed confession that is to be pasted on the door of the church. He is asked if he saw Rebecca Nurse and others with the devil, John cannot lie and so he says that he saw no-one with the Devil. Hale pleads with the judge to let Proctor just sign his own confession which Proctor does but then reality strikes him and he argues that he cannot bring his boys up to be good men if this lie is pasted to the church door. He pleads that he has given this court his soul could they not leave him with his name. Proctor tears up the piece of paper with his signature on in and condemns himself to death. Hale pleads with Goody to change Johns mind and Goody replies he has his goodness now God forbid I take it from him. Three innocent people are sent to be hanged and now we see the village people look on in total silence. This play showed peoples greed, ignorance, arrogance, hatred and all centred around one girls unrequited love for a married man. It showed the good people dying whilst the tormentors stood by and gloated. It showed us how the might of the many blows away reality. Mass hysteria of young girls convinced grown men, mature judges that Salem was the Devils playground.

Will the World Starve1 essays

Will the World Starve1 essays Looking out a window upon a barren desert, a dry wasteland unfolds as a carpet to nowhere. Abandoned cities dot the horizon, as the ruins speak volumes to the once populated extravagance of a country which lived on wealth and opportunity. The vision just described is not one out of a Hollywood movie script, but one that is not only possible but probable. Currently, the world population numbers over six billion, with China alone cradling over one-sixth of the worlds total population. With the world population increasing at a rate of one hundred million a year, the numbers are expected to hit ten billion by the end of 2040. Most scientists agree that the maximum number of people that the earth can sustain is fifteen billion, leaving the earth in a quandary before the end of the twenty- first century when the total world population is expected to reach a staggering sixteen to eighteen billion. The consumption of the worlds natural resources due to this exponential growth could result in worldwide famine, a complete breakdown in the world market, uncontrollable outbreaks of disease, and widespread crime and disorder. Currently, the ratio of land which can be used for agricultural endeavors is estimated to be one in nine acres. The worlds produce producer is only a small sliver of a total land mass apple pie sliced into nine equal, yet tiny slices and as the amount of soil suitable for agriculture dwindles, the slice with which the world relies on continues to shrink. Considering the little amount of available farmland, it should be expected that there would be more of an effort to conserve this vital resource, but unfortunately the issue has not yet risen to a level of global importance. The amount of fertile topsoil is becoming more and more unusable for agriculture. Water, used for the irrigation of the worlds life giving crops, contains naturally dissolved miner...

A Brief Note On Man Made Water Crisis

Water Conservation and Pollution In the world today, water scarcity persists in being an unnerving issue. The world’s supply of water is diminishing and is further narrowed by pollution. Without measures taken to conserve our water, there will be a global and chronic drought. As long as water is scarce, it is imperative to develop proposals concerning water conservation and pollution. Although water is one of the most abundant resources on the planet, we are not able to utilize the majority of it†¦ excessive amount of water. I am guilty of taking this resource for granted by taking long showers, not using a stopper while washing dishes, thus leaving the hot water running for far too long, and washing less than a full load of clothing on multiple occasions. Rather than wasting all of the water that I use in the shower and while cleaning dishes in the sink, I could have been reusing it as greywater. Greywater is household wastewater that can be reused to clean household items or water the lawn and garden†¦ International Incidents You Outlined Previously Various main thrusts added to the foundation of various arrangements and settlements for instance: 1. Division of Capitalist and Communist Bloc that brought about Cold War under the political choice made by the President Truman 2. The North Atlantic Treaty that brought about foundation of NATO 3. Southeast Asia Treaty and the Chinese and Korean Wars 4. The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty between the US and the USSR 5. Begin I arms control settlement†¦ 1. Most of the total water withdrawals in France are used by the Industry: 24. 48 billion m3 followed by municipal water use of 5.49 billion m3 and agricultural water use 3.143 billion m3. In percentages industrial water withdrawals represent 73.93%, agricultural water withdrawals represent 9.49 % and municipal 16.58 %. http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en (Aquastat) In comparison the world water withdrawals used by industry in 2007 are 734 km3 or 19 % of the total†¦ problems: the Syrian Refugee Crisis. As millions of Syrians are displaced by the Syrian Civil War, they attempt to seek refuge in surrounding foreign nations. So far, the countries of the world have only addressed the crisis by deciding the fate of the refugees that cling to their borders. However, these individual policies are ineffective in addressing the whole problem. In fact, these unified strategies have led to creation of additional problems, expanding the crisis into new countries on an unimpeded†¦ Foreclosure â€Å"victims†? People can be victims of fires and floods. I think it is a stretch to call someone a victim of a foreclosure. When people face a crisis, they usually want to be warriors as opposed to victims. They are better served by empowerment as opposed to pity. Boomerang seems like a fun nickname though. I would stick with Boomerang Buyers. It has that double B as well as the root word BOOM. All foreclosures are not the same. Some deals were so bad that nothing would have prevented†¦ Currently, Asia is in a large, rising water crisis that is leaving many populations with difficulty in finding clean water. Urbanization, agriculture, rising population, and overuse of water has led to the rising crisis. Throughout many of the countries in Asia, the rising water crisis is dominating government decisions, lifestyles, and the economy. Many may think that water is an unlimited source that is always replenish able, and overuse it and waste it in vast amounts. Sadly, this is catching†¦ Flint Michigan Water Crisis Many would argue that the United States is the best country on this earth. Millions of immigrants have come here for a better life because United States opened its doors to welcome those seeking political and religious freedom as well as the "adventurer, the wanderer, the persecuted, the fortune seekers, and others" (Arizaga, 2007). Immigrants built up the United States from the very beginning. This country was, and continues to be a kaleidoscope of ethnic and cultural†¦ Safety is a priceless commodity. Nevertheless, Syrian migrants paying an average of 2500 euro ($2840) to be smuggled into European nations would argue otherwise. The Syrian refugee crisis continues to be an international issue as the United States and other non-European nations begin to extend asylum offers to refugees, while European nations hope the 230 million euros they have invested in researching methods to hinder illegal immigration will prove successful in combatting refugees looking to immigrate†¦ In September of 2015, the image of 3 year old Aylan Kurdi 's lifeless body being pulled from Turkish waters forced the world to shift its collective gaze towards Syria where thousands of individuals were risking their lives in order to flee their war-torn country. What began as a civil war, has resulted in the largest displacement of individuals since World War II. The Syrian refugee crisis is one of the most pressing issues that the world is facing today. The influx of refugees into neighbouring†¦

Government power and individual safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Government power and individual safety - Essay Example Any person should expect a semblance of safety also in his/her home and community. This means that the government will have the power to enforce laws and regulations that prevent people from trespassing in and damaging other people’s private property, for example. The government uses the police to catch criminals violating individual safety. At the same time, there should be a legislative component that tries suspects of these crimes. For example, if someone kills a person, this act gross violates individual safety. The government must then use its police and court system to ensure that the violated right of safety will be promoted and that justice will be served. The promotion of individual safety, however, should not undermine national safety. National safety refers to overall wellbeing of the people or of a large group of people. For instance, it can refer to protecting the life of a city. Terrorism directly impacts and kills numerous of lives and the government has once pr ioritized the protection of national safety over that of individual safety. Individual safety is important, but when national safety is paramount, the latter can be given emphasis by the government. A society without a governing authority will have no social order, and hence, no enjoyment of social liberties. The government needs power to have the â€Å"authority to set and enforce limits on individual freedom to maintain social order† for without social order, individual liberties will be meaningless (Bond and Smith, 2010, 114). Without a governing authority, any person can directly infringe on the personal freedoms of others. Criminals will fear no punishment, since there is no government. Crime rates will soar. People will no longer respect contracts and agreements. There will be no peace and social order. Chaos will reign. It is through a legitimate governing authority that social order will be implemented and individual liberties will have realization. This essay shows t hat the government should have enough power to secure individual safety, but not to the extent of sacrificing national safety, and that a society without a governing authority will have no social order, and hence, no enjoyment of social liberties. The government should promote individual safety and protect the rights of the individual, but national safety often is more important than individual safety. Finally, a legitimate governing authority provides social order will be implemented, where individual liberties will have realization and protection. Political Ideology: Individual and Social Progress or for Power and Influence over Society Political ideology refers to the set of beliefs of â€Å"what the government should do† (Bessette and Pitney, 2011, 252), as well as to the cultural, economic, social, and political beliefs of the majority of society. It means that it

Security Concerns in Cloud Computing Research Paper

Security Concerns in Cloud Computing - Research Paper Example For instance, information of an organization needs to be protected and is the ultimate responsibility of the board of director for which they are also liable. Likewise, transferring information on the cloud determines that it is not manageable by the organization anymore and any consequence or a breach of data occurring on the vendor side will be a prime threat to the organization. Therefore, information security is the part of due care and due diligence that is derived from the responsible employees of the organization. Cloud Deployment Models It is the prime responsibility of the organization to protect intellectual property and confidential information that may be related to customer personal information, trade secrets, patents etc. Breach of anyone of these classified information types cab result in a permanent loss of business and ultimately bankruptcy that may result in legal and regulatory compliance. Likewise, before making any strategy for transferring critical applications to the cloud, it is important to analyze deployment and service models of cloud computing. The correct choice needs to be made in order to align business requirements to the correct deployment and service model without any unnecessary risk. There are three service models for cloud computing i.e. infrastructure as a service, platform as a service and software as a service (Wilshusen, 2011). Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is comprised of three components i.e. software, platform and infrastructure. Organizations only provide software and platform and infrastructure is provided by a third party cloud computing vendor. The second service models i.e. platform as a service (PaaS) also comprises of three components i.e. software, platform and infrastructure. Organizations only provide a software or application that will be executed on the third party or vendor’s platform and infrastructure. The third service model also includes the similar three components as mentioned before and called as software as a service (SaaS). Organizations only utilize services provided by the vendors in terms of applications that can be accessed by the Internet. All the three components i.e. software, platform and infrastructure are the property of the vendor (Wilshusen, 2011). In figure 1.1, cloud deployment models are demonstrated Figure 1.1 (Retreived from :Wilshusen, G. C. (2011). INFORMATION SECURITY: Additional guidance needed to address cloud computing concerns. GAO Reports, , 1.) Cloud Service Models After gaining the insight mechanisms of different deployment models of the cloud, the next important aspect is the service models. Cloud computing provides four service models for organizations to operate on. As shown in Fig 1.2, cloud service models are illustrated. Figure 1.2 (Retreived from :Wilshusen, G. C. (2011). INFORMATION SECURITY: Additional guidance needed to address cloud computing concerns. GAO Reports, , 1.) Organizations must choose the relevant client model, a s it will be proportional to the business or customer requirements and may differ from organization to organization and business types. The first service mode is called as the ‘Private Cloud’

Hillary Clinton’s Persuasive Style Essay Example for Free

Hillary Clinton’s Persuasive Style Essay Hillary Clinton is definitely one of the most popular presidential aspirants of the Democrat Party. Her experiences as first lady coupled with her extensive service in American politics have given her the strength one needs to run for the highest administrative position in the country. Her charm and direct-to-the-point approach in dealing with issues have earned her enough supporters. However, the speeches and interviews she has had for her campaign are also brilliant proof of her mastery of the art of persuasion. Propaganda is not bad in itself because it can work to people’s advantages even if the word itself sounds negative (Cross 123). In elections, however, the persuasion techniques of candidates can distract unwary voters of the true issues that need to be discussed. The goal of the candidate is always to convince the audience that he or she has the ability to lead – even if it means fooling people. Clinton can be very persuasive if her listeners are not aware of her techniques. It is very easy to be persuaded by Hillary Clinton because she uses every possible way of convincing her audience that she is the right choice for president. She is adept in using the English language to boost her chances in winning her readers’ consent to what she says. She even uses different rhetoric styles to lend credibility to her speech. In her speeches before the Planned Parenthood Action Fund (PPAF) in July 2007 and during Super Tuesday, she showed that she can use techniques like name-calling, glittering generalities, plain-folks appeal, argumentum ad populum, argumentum ad hominem, card stacking, and bandwagon to her favor. Clinton opened her speech to the PPAF by using persuasion techniques like transfer and argumentum ad populum. She acknowledged her friendship with Cecile Richards, president of the organization, and praised her efforts to get the favor of her audience. Clinton used the transfer technique because by associating herself with Richards, she is able to get the confidence of her audience. In doing so, she was also able to use plain-folks appeal because she was also able to connect herself as an advocate of Richards’ principles which shows that she is one with her audience. Clinton used name-calling and glittering generalities often to put emphasis and drama to her claims. Although she never used name-calling towards any specific person, she used the technique to show what she thought of certain principles of the incumbent administration. She referred to the family planning guidelines as â€Å"anti-science, anti-prevention policies† (qtd. in Echevarria 2007 par. 14). She also showed her disgust over new Medicaid rules by name-calling it â€Å"burdensome new Medicaid documentation requirements† (par. 22) On the other hand, she used the glittering generalities technique to uplift the egos of her audience by saying that â€Å"you are the only place to turn to† (par. ) and â€Å"often the ones who are the sole advocates for women† (par. 3). To charm her audience, Clinton was always finding ways to make the people hear what they wanted to hear through argumentum ad populum. She kept uplifting the audience of PPAF by saying things like, â€Å"thank you for your courage, thank you for your dedication, and thank you for your commitment to our Constitutional rights† (par. 4). Her listeners during Super Tuesday were also soothed by her descriptions of them as â€Å"moms and dads who want a better world for our children† and â€Å"young people who deserve a world of opportunity† (qtd. n The Associated Press 2008 par. 1) However, her disdain over the Bush administration was never concealed and she was frank enough to use the argumentum ad hominem technique to throw her comments on the prevailing policies of the current government. She describes Bush as â€Å"a president who listens only to the special interests† (par. 2) to make her audience think that she is better than he. To show that she had done better in promoting women’s health and better sex education, she accused the current leader of having â€Å"played politics with women’s health†¦and he’s worked to turn Washington, D.  C. into an evidence-free zone where facts are subordinate to ideology and opinion. (Echevarria par. 13). Another popular persuasive technique that candidates like Clinton have used is card stacking wherein the information being divulged during the speech are only those that would support the speaker’s claims. In Echevarria’s transcription of her speech at PPAF, Clinton claimed that unintended pregnancies were cut by one-third from the 1990s to 2000s because of the National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy (par. 16). Here, she uses the ethos rhetoric style by showing that she has the credibility to lead and have a say in the issue. However, according to the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops who made 23 different studies of the emergency contraception used by the campaign, the plan failed â€Å"to achieve any statistically significant reduction in rates of unintended pregnancies and abortion† (Raymond, et. al. 2007 181-188 cited in par. 4) One of the most popular techniques used by all candidates is the bandwagon. Clinton definitely used this technique in her speeches. For the PPAF, she calls the audience to vote for her by saying â€Å"when we take back the White House† (Echevarria par. 25). She also makes the listeners take up her cause by saying, â€Å"with good information, good education, and good healthcare we can empower women and girls† (par. 41) On the other hand, she has chosen to use this technique to close her speech on Super Tuesday. She kept using the word â€Å"we† to show her solidarity with the people in seeking change in the administration. Phrases like â€Å"we much continue to be a nation that strives always to give each of our children a better future† (The Associated Press par. 3) and â€Å"give us this nation to heal, this world to lead, this moment to seize† (par. 24) served to incite powerful emotions among Americans to propel her towards the presidential seat. Clinton loved using the pathos rhetoric style which is an appeal based on the emotion â€Å"The Art of Rhetoric† par. 8). She does this by praising and thanking her audience many times within her speeches. In her speech with the PPAF, Clinton also used the logos rhetoric style in making her audience understand how Bush’s policies have become a disadvantage to young women. She uses references like Mathematica to show that her stance on the poor sex education that teenagers are now getting is correct. Hillary Clinton is a tough presidential candidate because she is very good in using persuasive language to make her audience feel that she is one with them in all their concerns. She uses what she can of the persuasive techniques available and Aristotle’s rhetoric styles to captivate her audience and move them to consider her as the best candidate for the presidency.

The Importance of the Scaffold in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: free essay writer

  The Importance of the Scaffold in The Scarlet Letter   Since the beginning of time humans have had to confront their sinfulness. Some rely on religious faith to help with the struggle against sin while others add to their sins by lying to hide other sins. In the end, man must stand alone – as a sinful creature before God. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, Dimmesdale struggles with his sin until he discovers the scaffold as a place to find peace with himself. That scaffold holds more importance than just somewhere to condemn prisoners. It is the one place where Dimmesdale felt liberated to say anything he wishes. In Puritan culture, the scaffold is used to humiliate and chastise prisoners, be it witches at the stake, thieves in the stocks, or a murderer hanging from the gallows. In The Scarlet Letter, the scaffold was viewed more as a place of judgment. â€Å"Meagre ... was the sympathy that a transgressor might look for, from such bystanders, at the scaffold.† (p. 63) Indeed, it was used for castigation, but it was also a place of trial: Hester’s trial was held at the scaffold. Standing upon the platform opens oneself to God and to the world. â€Å"They stood in the noon of that strange and solemn splendor, as if it were the light that is to reveal all secrets, and the daybreak that shall unite all who belong to one another.† (p. 186) Being on the scaffold puts oneself in a feeling of spiritual nakedness- where you f eel exposed to God, but cleansed. It was the one place where Dimmesdale could find complete reconciliation.                Witnessing such an event as reconciliation is quite a fascinating experience. But without knowing what is going on, it can also be quite horrifying. â€Å"Without any effort of his will, or power to restrain himself, he [Dimmesdale] shrieked aloud: an outcry that went pealing through the night, and was beaten back from one house to another, and reverberated from the hills in the background; as if a company of devils, detecting so much misery and terror in it, had made a plaything of the sound, and were bandying it to and fro.† (pp. 178-9) Indeed, the townsfolk felt the latter. â€Å"Drowsy slumberers mistook the cry either for something frightful in a dream, or for the noise of witches.†(p. 179) They did not understand that this was his reconciliation.

Angels Demons Chapter 6-8

6 Sixty-four minutes had passed when an incredulous and slightly air-sick Robert Langdon stepped down the gangplank onto the sun-drenched runway. A crisp breeze rustled the lapels of his tweed jacket. The open space felt wonderful. He squinted out at the lush green valley rising to snowcapped peaks all around them. I'm dreaming, he told himself. Any minute now I'll be waking up. â€Å"Welcome to Switzerland,† the pilot said, yelling over the roar of the X-33's misted-fuel HEDM engines winding down behind them. Langdon checked his watch. It read 7:07 A.M. â€Å"You just crossed six time zones,† the pilot offered. â€Å"It's a little past 1 P.M. here.† Langdon reset his watch. â€Å"How do you feel?† He rubbed his stomach. â€Å"Like I've been eating Styrofoam.† The pilot nodded. â€Å"Altitude sickness. We were at sixty thousand feet. You're thirty percent lighter up there. Lucky we only did a puddle jump. If we'd gone to Tokyo I'd have taken her all the way up – a hundred miles. Now that'll get your insides rolling.† Langdon gave a wan nod and counted himself lucky. All things considered, the flight had been remarkably ordinary. Aside from a bone-crushing acceleration during take off, the plane's motion had been fairly typical – occasional minor turbulence, a few pressure changes as they'd climbed, but nothing at all to suggest they had been hurtling through space at the mind-numbing speed of 11,000 miles per hour. A handful of technicians scurried onto the runway to tend to the X-33. The pilot escorted Langdon to a black Peugeot sedan in a parking area beside the control tower. Moments later they were speeding down a paved road that stretched out across the valley floor. A faint cluster of buildings rose in the distance. Outside, the grassy plains tore by in a blur. Langdon watched in disbelief as the pilot pushed the speedometer up around 170 kilometers an hour – over 100 miles per hour. What is it with this guy and speed? he wondered. â€Å"Five kilometers to the lab,† the pilot said. â€Å"I'll have you there in two minutes.† Langdon searched in vain for a seat belt. Why not make it three and get us there alive? The car raced on. â€Å"Do you like Reba?† the pilot asked, jamming a cassette into the tape deck. A woman started singing. It's just the fear of being alone†¦ No fear here, Langdon thought absently. His female colleagues often ribbed him that his collection of museum-quality artifacts was nothing more than a transparent attempt to fill an empty home, a home they insisted would benefit greatly from the presence of a woman. Langdon always laughed it off, reminding them he already had three loves in his life – symbology, water polo, and bachelorhood – the latter being a freedom that enabled him to travel the world, sleep as late as he wanted, and enjoy quiet nights at home with a brandy and a good book. â€Å"We're like a small city,† the pilot said, pulling Langdon from his daydream. â€Å"Not just labs. We've got supermarkets, a hospital, even a cinema.† Langdon nodded blankly and looked out at the sprawling expanse of buildings rising before them. â€Å"In fact,† the pilot added, â€Å"we possess the largest machine on earth.† â€Å"Really?† Langdon scanned the countryside. â€Å"You won't see it out there, sir.† The pilot smiled. â€Å"It's buried six stories below the earth.† Langdon didn't have time to ask. Without warning the pilot jammed on the brakes. The car skidded to a stop outside a reinforced sentry booth. Langdon read the sign before them. Securite. Arretez He suddenly felt a wave of panic, realizing where he was. â€Å"My God! I didn't bring my passport!† â€Å"Passports are unnecessary,† the driver assured. â€Å"We have a standing arrangement with the Swiss government.† Langdon watched dumbfounded as his driver gave the guard an ID. The sentry ran it through an electronic authentication device. The machine flashed green. â€Å"Passenger name?† â€Å"Robert Langdon,† the driver replied. â€Å"Guest of?† â€Å"The director.† The sentry arched his eyebrows. He turned and checked a computer printout, verifying it against the data on his computer screen. Then he returned to the window. â€Å"Enjoy your stay, Mr. Langdon.† The car shot off again, accelerating another 200 yards around a sweeping rotary that led to the facility's main entrance. Looming before them was a rectangular, ultramodern structure of glass and steel. Langdon was amazed by the building's striking transparent design. He had always had a fond love of architecture. â€Å"The Glass Cathedral,† the escort offered. â€Å"A church?† â€Å"Hell, no. A church is the one thing we don't have. Physics is the religion around here. Use the Lord's name in vain all you like,† he laughed, â€Å"just don't slander any quarks or mesons.† Langdon sat bewildered as the driver swung the car around and brought it to a stop in front of the glass building. Quarks and mesons? No border control? Mach 15 jets? Who the hell are these guys? The engraved granite slab in front of the building bore the answer: CERN Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire â€Å"Nuclear Research?† Langdon asked, fairly certain his translation was correct. The driver did not answer. He was leaning forward, busily adjusting the car's cassette player. â€Å"This is your stop. The director will meet you at this entrance.† Langdon noted a man in a wheelchair exiting the building. He looked to be in his early sixties. Gaunt and totally bald with a sternly set jaw, he wore a white lab coat and dress shoes propped firmly on the wheelchair's footrest. Even at a distance his eyes looked lifeless – like two gray stones. â€Å"Is that him?† Langdon asked. The driver looked up. â€Å"Well, I'll be.† He turned and gave Langdon an ominous smile. â€Å"Speak of the devil.† Uncertain what to expect, Langdon stepped from the vehicle. The man in the wheelchair accelerated toward Langdon and offered a clammy hand. â€Å"Mr. Langdon? We spoke on the phone. My name is Maximilian Kohler.† 7 Maximilian Kohler, director general of CERN, was known behind his back as Konig – King. It was a title more of fear than reverence for the figure who ruled over his dominion from a wheelchair throne. Although few knew him personally, the horrific story of how he had been crippled was lore at CERN, and there were few there who blamed him for his bitterness†¦ nor for his sworn dedication to pure science. Langdon had only been in Kohler's presence a few moments and already sensed the director was a man who kept his distance. Langdon found himself practically jogging to keep up with Kohler's electric wheelchair as it sped silently toward the main entrance. The wheelchair was like none Langdon had ever seen – equipped with a bank of electronics including a multiline phone, a paging system, computer screen, even a small, detachable video camera. King Kohler's mobile command center. Langdon followed through a mechanical door into CERN's voluminous main lobby. The Glass Cathedral, Langdon mused, gazing upward toward heaven. Overhead, the bluish glass roof shimmered in the afternoon sun, casting rays of geometric patterns in the air and giving the room a sense of grandeur. Angular shadows fell like veins across the white tiled walls and down to the marble floors. The air smelled clean, sterile. A handful of scientists moved briskly about, their footsteps echoing in the resonant space. â€Å"This way, please, Mr. Langdon.† His voice sounded almost computerized. His accent was rigid and precise, like his stern features. Kohler coughed and wiped his mouth on a white handkerchief as he fixed his dead gray eyes on Langdon. â€Å"Please hurry.† His wheelchair seemed to leap across the tiled floor. Langdon followed past what seemed to be countless hallways branching off the main atrium. Every hallway was alive with activity. The scientists who saw Kohler seemed to stare in surprise, eyeing Langdon as if wondering who he must be to command such company. â€Å"I'm embarrassed to admit,† Langdon ventured, trying to make conversation, â€Å"that I've never heard of CERN.† â€Å"Not surprising,† Kohler replied, his clipped response sounding harshly efficient. â€Å"Most Americans do not see Europe as the world leader in scientific research. They see us as nothing but a quaint shopping district – an odd perception if you consider the nationalities of men like Einstein, Galileo, and Newton.† Langdon was unsure how to respond. He pulled the fax from his pocket. â€Å"This man in the photograph, can you – â€Å" Kohler cut him off with a wave of his hand. â€Å"Please. Not here. I am taking you to him now.† He held out his hand. â€Å"Perhaps I should take that.† Langdon handed over the fax and fell silently into step. Kohler took a sharp left and entered a wide hallway adorned with awards and commendations. A particularly large plaque dominated the entry. Langdon slowed to read the engraved bronze as they passed. ARS ELECTRONICA AWARD For Cultural Innovation in the Digital Age Awarded to Tim Berners Lee and CERN for the invention of the WORLDWIDE WEB Well I'll be damned, Langdon thought, reading the text. This guy wasn't kidding. Langdon had always thought of the Web as an American invention. Then again, his knowledge was limited to the site for his own book and the occasional on-line exploration of the Louvre or El Prado on his old Macintosh. â€Å"The Web,† Kohler said, coughing again and wiping his mouth, â€Å"began here as a network of in-house computer sites. It enabled scientists from different departments to share daily findings with one another. Of course, the entire world is under the impression the Web is U.S. technology.† Langdon followed down the hall. â€Å"Why not set the record straight?† Kohler shrugged, apparently disinterested. â€Å"A petty misconception over a petty technology. CERN is far greater than a global connection of computers. Our scientists produce miracles almost daily.† Langdon gave Kohler a questioning look. â€Å"Miracles?† The word â€Å"miracle† was certainly not part of the vocabulary around Harvard's Fairchild Science Building. Miracles were left for the School of Divinity. â€Å"You sound skeptical,† Kohler said. â€Å"I thought you were a religious symbologist. Do you not believe in miracles?† â€Å"I'm undecided on miracles,† Langdon said. Particularly those that take place in science labs. â€Å"Perhaps miracle is the wrong word. I was simply trying to speak your language.† â€Å"My language?† Langdon was suddenly uncomfortable. â€Å"Not to disappoint you, sir, but I study religious symbology – I'm an academic, not a priest.† Kohler slowed suddenly and turned, his gaze softening a bit. â€Å"Of course. How simple of me. One does not need to have cancer to analyze its symptoms.† Langdon had never heard it put quite that way. As they moved down the hallway, Kohler gave an accepting nod. â€Å"I suspect you and I will understand each other perfectly, Mr. Langdon.† Somehow Langdon doubted it. As the pair hurried on, Langdon began to sense a deep rumbling up ahead. The noise got more and more pronounced with every step, reverberating through the walls. It seemed to be coming from the end of the hallway in front of them. â€Å"What's that?† Langdon finally asked, having to yell. He felt like they were approaching an active volcano. â€Å"Free Fall Tube,† Kohler replied, his hollow voice cutting the air effortlessly. He offered no other explanation. Langdon didn't ask. He was exhausted, and Maximilian Kohler seemed disinterested in winning any hospitality awards. Langdon reminded himself why he was here. Illuminati. He assumed somewhere in this colossal facility was a body†¦ a body branded with a symbol he had just flown 3,000 miles to see. As they approached the end of the hall, the rumble became almost deafening, vibrating up through Langdon's soles. They rounded the bend, and a viewing gallery appeared on the right. Four thick-paned portals were embedded in a curved wall, like windows in a submarine. Langdon stopped and looked through one of the holes. Professor Robert Langdon had seen some strange things in his life, but this was the strangest. He blinked a few times, wondering if he was hallucinating. He was staring into an enormous circular chamber. Inside the chamber, floating as though weightless, were people. Three of them. One waved and did a somersault in midair. My God, he thought. I'm in the land of Oz. The floor of the room was a mesh grid, like a giant sheet of chicken wire. Visible beneath the grid was the metallic blur of a huge propeller. â€Å"Free fall tube,† Kohler said, stopping to wait for him. â€Å"Indoor skydiving. For stress relief. It's a vertical wind tunnel.† Langdon looked on in amazement. One of the free fallers, an obese woman, maneuvered toward the window. She was being buffeted by the air currents but grinned and flashed Langdon the thumbs-up sign. Langdon smiled weakly and returned the gesture, wondering if she knew it was the ancient phallic symbol for masculine virility. The heavyset woman, Langdon noticed, was the only one wearing what appeared to be a miniature parachute. The swathe of fabric billowed over her like a toy. â€Å"What's her little chute for?† Langdon asked Kohler. â€Å"It can't be more than a yard in diameter.† â€Å"Friction,† Kohler said. â€Å"Decreases her aerodynamics so the fan can lift her.† He started down the the corridor again. â€Å"One square yard of drag will slow a falling body almost twenty percent.† Langdon nodded blankly. He never suspected that later that night, in a country hundreds of miles away, the information would save his life. 8 When Kohler and Langdon emerged from the rear of CERN's main complex into the stark Swiss sunlight, Langdon felt as if he'd been transported home. The scene before him looked like an Ivy League campus. A grassy slope cascaded downward onto an expansive lowlands where clusters of sugar maples dotted quadrangles bordered by brick dormitories and footpaths. Scholarly looking individuals with stacks of books hustled in and out of buildings. As if to accentuate the collegiate atmosphere, two longhaired hippies hurled a Frisbee back and forth while enjoying Mahler's Fourth Symphony blaring from a dorm window. â€Å"These are our residential dorms,† Kohler explained as he accelerated his wheelchair down the path toward the buildings. â€Å"We have over three thousand physicists here. CERN single-handedly employs more than half of the world's particle physicists – the brightest minds on earth – Germans, Japanese, Italians, Dutch, you name it. Our physicists represent over five hundred universities and sixty nationalities.† Langdon was amazed. â€Å"How do they all communicate?† â€Å"English, of course. The universal language of science.† Langdon had always heard math was the universal language of science, but he was too tired to argue. He dutifully followed Kohler down the path. Halfway to the bottom, a young man jogged by. His T-shirt proclaimed the message: NO GUT, NO GLORY! Langdon looked after him, mystified. â€Å"Gut?† â€Å"General Unified Theory.† Kohler quipped. â€Å"The theory of everything.† â€Å"I see,† Langdon said, not seeing at all. â€Å"Are you familiar with particle physics, Mr. Langdon?† Langdon shrugged. â€Å"I'm familiar with general physics – falling bodies, that sort of thing.† His years of high-diving experience had given him a profound respect for the awesome power of gravitational acceleration. â€Å"Particle physics is the study of atoms, isn't it?† Kohler shook his head. â€Å"Atoms look like planets compared to what we deal with. Our interests lie with an atom's nucleus – a mere ten-thousandth the size of the whole.† He coughed again, sounding sick. â€Å"The men and women of CERN are here to find answers to the same questions man has been asking since the beginning of time. Where did we come from? What are we made of?† â€Å"And these answers are in a physics lab?† â€Å"You sound surprised.† â€Å"I am. The questions seem spiritual.† â€Å"Mr. Langdon, all questions were once spiritual. Since the beginning of time, spirituality and religion have been called on to fill in the gaps that science did not understand. The rising and setting of the sun was once attributed to Helios and a flaming chariot. Earthquakes and tidal waves were the wrath of Poseidon. Science has now proven those gods to be false idols. Soon all Gods will be proven to be false idols. Science has now provided answers to almost every question man can ask. There are only a few questions left, and they are the esoteric ones. Where do we come from? What are we doing here? What is the meaning of life and the universe?† Langdon was amazed. â€Å"And these are questions CERN is trying to answer?† â€Å"Correction. These are questions we are answering.† Langdon fell silent as the two men wound through the residential quadrangles. As they walked, a Frisbee sailed overhead and skidded to a stop directly in front of them. Kohler ignored it and kept going. A voice called out from across the quad. â€Å"S'il vous plat!† Langdon looked over. An elderly white-haired man in a College Paris sweatshirt waved to him. Langdon picked up the Frisbee and expertly threw it back. The old man caught it on one finger and bounced it a few times before whipping it over his shoulder to his partner. â€Å"Merci!† he called to Langdon. â€Å"Congratulations,† Kohler said when Langdon finally caught up. â€Å"You just played toss with a Noble prize-winner, Georges Charpak, inventor of the multiwire proportional chamber.† Langdon nodded. My lucky day. It took Langdon and Kohler three more minutes to reach their destination – a large, well-kept dormitory sitting in a grove of aspens. Compared to the other dorms, this structure seemed luxurious. The carved stone sign in front read Building C. Imaginative title, Langdon thought. But despite its sterile name, Building C appealed to Langdon's sense of architectural style – conservative and solid. It had a red brick facade, an ornate balustrade, and sat framed by sculpted symmetrical hedges. As the two men ascended the stone path toward the entry, they passed under a gateway formed by a pair of marble columns. Someone had put a sticky-note on one of them. This column is Ionic Physicist graffiti? Langdon mused, eyeing the column and chuckling to himself. â€Å"I'm relieved to see that even brilliant physicists make mistakes.† Kohler looked over. â€Å"What do you mean?† â€Å"Whoever wrote that note made a mistake. That column isn't Ionic. Ionic columns are uniform in width. That one's tapered. It's Doric – the Greek counterpart. A common mistake.† Kohler did not smile. â€Å"The author meant it as a joke, Mr. Langdon. Ionic means containing ions – electrically charged particles. Most objects contain them.† Langdon looked back at the column and groaned. Langdon was still feeling stupid when he stepped from the elevator on the top floor of Building C. He followed Kohler down a well-appointed corridor. The decor was unexpected – traditional colonial French – a cherry divan, porcelain floor vase, and scrolled woodwork. â€Å"We like to keep our tenured scientists comfortable,† Kohler explained. Evidently, Langdon thought. â€Å"So the man in the fax lived up here? One of your upper-level employees?† â€Å"Quite,† Kohler said. â€Å"He missed a meeting with me this morning and did not answer his page. I came up here to locate him and found him dead in his living room.† Langdon felt a sudden chill realizing that he was about to see a dead body. His stomach had never been particularly stalwart. It was a weakness he'd discovered as an art student when the teacher informed the class that Leonardo da Vinci had gained his expertise in the human form by exhuming corpses and dissecting their musculature. Kohler led the way to the far end of the hallway. There was a single door. â€Å"The Penthouse, as you would say,† Kohler announced, dabbing a bead of perspiration from his forehead. Langdon eyed the lone oak door before them. The name plate read: Leonardo Vetra â€Å"Leonardo Vetra,† Kohler said, â€Å"would have been fifty-eight next week. He was one of the most brilliant scientists of our time. His death is a profound loss for science.† For an instant Langdon thought he sensed emotion in Kohler's hardened face. But as quickly as it had come, it was gone. Kohler reached in his pocket and began sifting through a large key ring. An odd thought suddenly occurred to Langdon. The building seemed deserted. â€Å"Where is everyone?† he asked. The lack of activity was hardly what he expected considering they were about to enter a murder scene. â€Å"The residents are in their labs,† Kohler replied, finding the key. â€Å"I mean the police,† Langdon clarified. â€Å"Have they left already?† Kohler paused, his key halfway into the lock. â€Å"Police?† Langdon's eyes met the director's. â€Å"Police. You sent me a fax of a homicide. You must have called the police.† â€Å"I most certainly have not.† â€Å"What?† Kohler's gray eyes sharpened. â€Å"The situation is complex, Mr. Langdon.† Langdon felt a wave of apprehension. â€Å"But†¦ certainly someone else knows about this!† â€Å"Yes. Leonardo's adopted daughter. She is also a physicist here at CERN. She and her father share a lab. They are partners. Ms. Vetra has been away this week doing field research. I have notified her of her father's death, and she is returning as we speak.† â€Å"But a man has been murd – â€Å" â€Å"A formal investigation,† Kohler said, his voice firm, â€Å"will take place. However, it will most certainly involve a search of Vetra's lab, a space he and his daughter hold most private. Therefore, it will wait until Ms. Vetra has arrived. I feel I owe her at least that modicum of discretion.† Kohler turned the key. As the door swung open, a blast of icy air hissed into the hall and hit Langdon in the face. He fell back in bewilderment. He was gazing across the threshold of an alien world. The flat before him was immersed in a thick, white fog. The mist swirled in smoky vortexes around the furniture and shrouded the room in opaque haze. â€Å"What the†¦?† Langdon stammered. â€Å"Freon cooling system,† Kohler replied. â€Å"I chilled the flat to preserve the body.† Langdon buttoned his tweed jacket against the cold. I'm in Oz, he thought. And I forgot my magic slippers.

Bridge of San Luis Rey’s Tone Essay

In the last two pages of his novel, Bridge of San Luis Rey, Thornton Wilder creates a tone unparalleled throughout the rest of the book. The tone of these last few pages, as I perceive, is that of the authors praising and adoration of the Abbess’s saintliness and selflessness. This tone is indisputably found underlying these pages. This tone is explained with the use of the three major quotes, found within these pages, as presented next in the following. â€Å"Madre Marà ­a dared not say aloud how great her astonishment was†¦ ‘Now learn, ‘she commanded herself, â€Å"learn at last that anywhere you may expect grace.’†. This self-rebuke occurs after the Abbess has witnessed herself being judgmental. She is horrified by her sinfulness. She is shocked that she had unconsciously prejudged the Marquesa and had submissively thought her to not be smart enough to conjure such great works of writing. The Abbess criticizes herself for having been so evil, and thus unknowingly makes herself even saintlier than before! The author is making the Abbess even more righteous by having her criticize herself when she is already so. As the Abbess is walking by the sick and blind, she has a sudden prophetic thought. â€Å"I can’t help thinking that something could be done for the deaf-and dumb. It seems to me that some patient person could,†¦could study out a language for them.† The Abbess cares so much for them to have thought of such a language for them to communicate with the healthy (later this language is made and called sign language). Her saintliness partly derives from her loving of everyone, even those not as fortunate as others. She is, as the author portrays, so saintly, that she is prophetic, prophetic like Jesus, Mohammad, and other famous prophets. Wilder gives this prophetic attribute to show how devout he imagines her to be. He wants to present her to be so saintly to be comparable to those other religious figures. â€Å"Within all was light and warmth, and without was the darkness they would not exchange even for a relief from pain and from dying† The dying people near the Abbess are willing to spend one more moment with her, than die immediately and be relieved of their pains. There is no other reason for these people to feel such a way besides the Abbess’s love and care for them. Her saintliness is shown through her works with the people and the all real love she pours upon them. These people are dying and feeling the worst of pain and yet they will not let go because they want to be with her longer. The author’s third exhibition of the Abbess’s saintly qualities is another reiteration of his ever lifting of her towards heaven. These three quotes, as presented, have reinforced the tone of the last few pages as being that of the authors praise and adoration for the Abbess’s saintliness and selflessness. Though it may seem redundant and exhaustive – the use of the word ‘saintly†- it is in order to wholly stress and prioritize the importance of the Abbess’s saintliness. The tone created by the author is largely based on the Abbess’s saintliness and not much more, if not anything else at all! The sole, clear message found in these few pages, from the author, is primarily based on the fact that the Abbess is a saint and that Wilder absolutely admires her piousness.

Moles Of Iron And Copper Formal Lab

Moles Of Iron And Copper Formal Lab Purpose: By doing this lab we were going were trying to determine a couple things. What we were trying to determine was the amount of moles of copper and the amount of moles of iron in the chloride and in the nail.Procedure: 1. Put on your laboratory apron and safety goggles. Use a 100-mL beaker to make a solution with 2 grams of copper(II) chloride and 15-mL of distilled water.2. Use a stirring rod to make sure all of the copper(II) chloride crystals have dissolved.3. Obtain two clean, dry nails. Use a piece of sandpaper or emery cloth to shine the nails. Make sure that the nails can rest on the bottom of the beaker.4. Place the nails in the copper(II) chloride solution. Leave the nails alone for approximately 20 minutes. During that time, you should see the formation of copper in the beaker. At the same time, some of the iron will react.Copper(II) chloride5. Use tongs to pick up the nails, one at a time. Use the wash bottle to rinse any remaining copper from the nails before removi ng them completely. Set nails aside.6. Decant the liquid from the solid. Put the liquid into another beaker so if some solid comes out you can get it back.7. Rinse the solid again with about 15-mL of distilled water. Decant again. Repeat this 3 times.8. Wash the solid with 10-mL of 1M hydrochloric acid. Then decant. Wash again with 15-mL of distilled water and decant.9. Place the beaker with the copper in a drying oven. Make sure the beaker had identification on it so you can get it the next day.10. Clean up all materials and wash hands thoroughly.Data: -Mass of the nail before put into solution = 2.87 grams.-Mass of the nail after the copper chloride solution = 2.21 grams of Iron. Difference of = .66 grams of copper. From the nail there was .66 grams of copper and 2.21 grams of Iron.-In moles; Copper: .66g x 1 mol/63.5g = .01 moles of Copper. (Solving: Take the amount of the remaining copper from the nail, .66 grams, and multiply that by 1 mol over the molar mass of copper, 63.5 gr ams. Your grams cancel out, so you solve and get .01 moles.) -For the mole of Iron; 2.21g x 1 mol/55.8g = .04 moles of Iron. (Solving: You solve it the same way that you would solve the above equation only with Iron's molar mass.) Conclusion There are about .01 moles in the copper from the nail. I observed the copper being broken away from the nail and the different color change in the nail. It turned to a copper looking color. There were little air bubbles all over the nail. For the iron, there were about .03 grams of iron in the nail. The copper and the iron different in moles and mass. The form of chloride that was made is FeCl2.Theory: The mole is a standard measurement of how much of a substance there is. The theory that the number of formula units in a given substance is equal to the amount of formula units in 0.012 kilograms of Carbon is related to everything. So 12 grams of Carbon has 6.02 times 10^23 formula units. A mole's mass is the same as the atomic mass of the element it that is being used in the problem. A scientist came up with the number 6.02 x 10^23 formula units. The name, Avagadro's number came from this. The label of formula units can be said in a number of different ways. Just a couple ways you could label them are, atoms or particles. Depending on the situation, almost any label can be used. The mass of a mole never changes though. Every mole has a mass of 6.02 times 10^23. That is the theory of the mole. (www.avogadro.co.uk/chemist.htm)(www.chemistry.org) Evaluation: At the end of the experiment, my lab partners and I were able to determine the amount of moles of copper and the amount of moles of iron in copper chloride and a nail.

Malaria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Malaria - Essay Example Anopheles plays a pivotal role in the development of Plasmodium. The growth of the microbe from the gametocytic stage to the sporozoite stage takes place inside the body of the female Anopheles. The body of the mosquito provides ambient temperature and humidity to the developing microbe and the female survives long enough to allow the parasite complete its lifecycle in the mosquito body. Anopheles breed on water and each species has its own preference when it comes to selection of breeding place for example some like puddles, shallow water, fresh water or even hoof prints. b. Apicomplexa protozoa: Plasmodium Apicomplexans are also known as sporozoans. All apicomplexans are obligatory and intracellular microbes i.e. they need to spend at least some part of their life cycle within an animal host. Important characteristics of apicomplexans include the presence of tiny organ like structures which are present at the very tips of the cells. These tiny organ-like structures contain enzymes which helps the microbe penetrate into the host tissue. One of the most well known and pathogenic genera of apicomplexans includes Plasmodium- which causes malaria. Plasmodium’s lifecycle is spent in two stages- in the body of mosquitoes and that of humans. It ultimately affects humans and causes rupture in the blood vessels. There are more than 100 Plasmodium species which can infects living organisms however only 4 of these species cause infection in humans- Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae. The lifecycles of the four species affecting humans are similar. Lifecycle: The lifecycle begins when a female Anopheles carrying malaria parasite sucks... The paper talks about the cause of Malaria, lifecycle, diagnosis and treatment, development of a vaccine, advanced prophylaxis. According to the paper it is needless to say that malaria has been a curse on human health. However, the recent advances in development of vaccination are quite promising. Efforts need to be made to spread awareness about diagnosis and treatment to people who may not have access to them especially in the poor tropical countries. Future research should aim at not only developing vaccines but also developing better chemoprophylaxis agents. Worldwide the Anopheles mosquito is known as malaria mosquito because it is considered to be the primary vector for malaria. The anopheles mosquito is found worldwide except for in Antarctica. The disease is transmitted by the female anopheles. As the report says since malaria is worldwide public health problem, researchers have been trying to develop vaccines against the disease to lend protection against the parasites. The development of a vaccine would mean lower mortality, morbidity and economic costs involved with the treatment of the disease, awareness programs etc. the aim of the researchers are to wipe the disease from the earth. It was first in 1960, that it was thought that the development of a vaccine for malaria was feasible. It was seen that IrSp (irradiated sporozoites) rendered rodents immunized. Next the IrSp vaccine was tested on human volunteers with anopheles bite and it was seen that the vaccine was highly species specific. The multifactorial protection given by the vaccine involves direction of neutralized antibodies against circumsporozite and it is this idea that is today being researched upon to develop a better and much effective vaccine.

Abuse of prescription of narcotics in primary care Dissertation

Abuse of prescription of narcotics in primary care - Dissertation Example Chronic non cancer pain in primary care and use of opioids (Nicholson & Pasik, 2007).  In the USA estimates suggest that 50 million people suffer from chronic non cancer pain, with 41% dissatisfied with the outcomes of their pain treatment. The frequent site at which these patients seek health care is from primary care. In the primary care environment prevalence of chronic non cancer pain ranges from 5% to 33% (Nicholson & Pasik, 2007).3) Extent of opioid misuse in primary care and causes (Von Korff et al, 2011).   True estimates of the extent to which prescription opioids are misused among primary care patients are not available, but the limited evidence from surveys conducted suggest that the prevalence of prescription opioid misuse in primary care could range from 4% to 26% (Von Korff et al, 2011)4) Primary care givers need to have adequate knowledge on preventing opioid misuse Salloum, 2010).   Though the true prevalence of prescription opioid misuse remains elusive the ind ications of high abuse of prescription opioids raises the relevance of prevention practices at the point of misuse (Ruiz & Strain, 2010).B.  Establish a working definition of prescription opioid abuse and identification of the characteristics of prescription opioid abuse    1)   According to Friedman et al p, 454, NUPM in a wide perspective may be taken to mean â€Å"the use of a scheduled prescription medication without the prescribing clinician’s knowledge† (Friedman et al, 2009).2) Characteristics of abuse of prescription narcotics (Liebschutz et al, 2010)... ry care patients diagnosed with chronic pain and prescribed opioids shows that the characteristics for PDUD in such patients include cigarette smoking, high severity of pain, personal and family history of substance abuse, post-traumatic stress disorder, and experience of a jail sentence (Liebschutz et al, 2010). 3) Caregiver knowledge and attitudes in the prescribing of narcotics for non cancer chronic pain (Srivatsava, 2007). Evidence coming from surveys conducted on care givers points to knowledge deficits in care givers and attitudinal issues acting as barriers to efficient management of pain. Quite often fear of addiction and misuse of prescribed narcotics is the basis of unsatisfactory management of pain (Srivatsava, 2007). 4) Patient perspective on prescribing of narcotics for non cancer chronic pain (Srivatsava, 2007). From the perspective of patients it is the care providers in the form of medical and nursing professionals that are knowledgeable on issues pertaining to emplo ying narcotics in the treatment of pain, and they expect that these professionals provide them with the appropriate information on narcotics in the treatment of non cancer chronic pain, to make it a useful part in their treatment (Srivatsava, 2007). II Theoretical Considerations (Not done as no guidelines received and not mandatory for the annotated outline) III Review of Literature A literature review matrix has been generated for effectively developing the literature review. 15 peer reviewed primary research articles relevant to the topic of the dissertation were selected. The inclusion criterion was that these articles were published on or later than 2006. The rationale behind such an inclusion criteria was to make the literature deliver the currently relevant body of knowledge on the